China’s only monogamous emperor: why Hongzhi refused a harem, remained dedicated to wife

It is no secret that Chinese emperors had many women in their lives, and the imperial concubine system was a significant feature of feudal social structures.

Ming-era (1368–1644) emperors could have upwards of 9,000 consorts, ostensibly to ensure an heir. Unfortunately, these women often existed in gilded prisons, barred from leaving the palace grounds and frequently subject to the wrath of a cruel emperor.

However, one leader stands out for doing just the opposite; the Hongzhi Emperor (r. 1487–1505) is remarkable for being the only emperor who chose a life of monogamy. He was devoted to Empress Zhang (1471–1541) throughout his life and seemingly did not engage in any affairs, much less maintain a systematic harem.

His loyalty appears to stem from genuine love and affection, but historians also suggest that Hongzhi’s monogamy – and notably, his rejection of concubines – was influenced by a childhood filled with murder and intrigue that could rival modern period dramas.